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Kilogram

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"kg" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="KG_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="KG (disambiguation)">KG</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">kilogram</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">A series of 5, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.2 kilogram weights, made of <a href="Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Mass" title="Mass">mass</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">kg</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions

</th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 kg in ...</td><td>... is equal to ...</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">

</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   <a href="Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">Avoirdupois</a></th><td class="infobox-data">   <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>≈ 2.2046 <a href="Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[Note 1]</a></li><li>≈ 35.274 <a href="Ounce" title="Ounce">oz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   <a href="British_Gravitational_System" class="mw-redirect" title="British Gravitational System">British Gravitational</a></th><td class="infobox-data">   ≈ 0.0685 <a href="Slug_(unit)" title="Slug (unit)">slugs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   Unified atomic mass units</th><td class="infobox-data">   6.02214076×1026 <a href="Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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The kilogram (also spelled kilogramme<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[1]</a>) is the <a href="International_System_of_Units#Base_units" title="International System of Units">base unit</a> of <a href="Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> in the <a href="International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI), equal to one thousand grams. It has the unit symbol kg.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[1]</a> The word "kilogram" is formed from the combination of the <a href="Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">metric prefix</a> <a href="Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo-</a> (meaning one thousand) and <a href="Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> it is colloquially <a href="Shortening_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortening (linguistics)">shortened</a> to "kilo" (plural "kilos").<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a>

The kilogram is an SI <a href="Base_unit_(measurement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base unit (measurement)">base unit</a>, defined ultimately in terms of three <a href="International_System_of_Units#SI_defining_constants" title="International System of Units">defining constants</a> of the SI, namely <a href="Caesium_standard" title="Caesium standard">a specific transition frequency</a> of the <a href="Isotopes_of_caesium" title="Isotopes of caesium">caesium-133</a> atom, the <a href="Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>, and the <a href="Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIBrochure9thEd-5">[4]</a>: 131 A properly equipped <a href="Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a> laboratory can calibrate a mass measurement instrument such as a <a href="Kibble_balance" title="Kibble balance">Kibble balance</a> as a primary standard for the kilogram mass.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a>

The kilogram was originally defined in 1795 during the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> as the mass of one <a href="Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> of <a href="Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a> (originally at 0 <a href="Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>, later changed to the temperature of its <a href="Maximum_density" title="Maximum density">maximum density</a>, approximately 4 °C). The current definition of a kilogram agrees with this original definition to within 30 <a href="Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (0.003%). In 1799, the platinum <a href="Grave_(unit)#Kilogramme_des_Archives" title="Grave (unit)">Kilogramme des Archives</a> replaced it as the standard of mass. In 1889, a cylinder composed of <a href="Platinum%E2%80%93iridium_alloy" title="Platinum–iridium alloy">platinum–iridium</a>, the <a href="International_Prototype_of_the_Kilogram" title="International Prototype of the Kilogram">International Prototype of the Kilogram</a> (IPK), became the standard of the unit of mass for the metric system and remained so for 130 years, before the current standard was <a href="2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">adopted in 2019</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vox-7">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

The kilogram is defined in terms of three defining constants:<a href="#cite_note-SIBrochure9thEd-5">[4]</a>

<ul><li>a specific atomic transition frequency <a href="Caesium_standard" title="Caesium standard">ΔνCs</a>, which defines the duration of the <a href="Second" title="Second">second</a>,</li>

<li>the <a href="Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> c, which when combined with the second, defines the length of the <a href="Metre" title="Metre">metre</a>,</li>

<li>and the <a href="Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a> h, which when combined with the metre and second, defines the <a href="Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of the kilogram.</li></ul>

The formal definition according to the <a href="General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (CGPM) is:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J⋅s, which is equal to kg⋅m2⋅s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ΔνCs.</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— CGPM<a href="#cite_note-draft-resolution-A-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></div>

Defined in term of those units, the kg is formulated as:<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a>

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</style><div class="block-indent">kg = <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">

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</style>⁠(299792458)2/(6.62607015×10−34)(9192631770)⁠⁠hΔνCs/c2⁠</div>

<div class="block-indent">≈ (1.4755214×1040)⁠hΔνCs/c2⁠.</div>

This definition is generally consistent with previous definitions: the kilogram remains within 30 <a href="Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">parts per million</a> (0.003%) of the mass of one <a href="Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> of <a href="Water" title="Water">water</a> at the temperature of its <a href="Maximum_density" title="Maximum density">maximum density</a> (approximately 4 <a href="Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>), with the <a href="Density_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Density of water">density of water</a> at that temperature very close to 1 kg/L.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_previous_definitions">Timeline of previous definitions</h3></div>

<ul><li>1793: The <a href="Grave_(unit)" title="Grave (unit)">grave</a> (the precursor of the kilogram) was defined as the mass of 1 <a href="Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> (dm3) of <a href="Water" title="Water">water</a>, which was determined to be 18841 <a href="Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">grains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></li>

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</style>+1⁄1000 of a kilogram) was provisionally defined as the mass of one cubic <a href="Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetre</a> of water at the <a href="Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of ice (0 <a href="Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>).<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></li>

<li>1799: The <a href="Kilogramme_des_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilogramme des Archives">Kilogramme des Archives</a> was manufactured as a prototype. It had a mass equal to the mass of 1 dm3 of water at the <a href="Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of its <a href="Maximum_density" title="Maximum density">maximum density</a> (approximately 4 °C).<a href="#cite_note-Zupko-14">[13]</a></li>

<li>1875–1889: The <a href="Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a> was signed in 1875, leading to the production of the <a href="International_Prototype_of_the_Kilogram" title="International Prototype of the Kilogram">International Prototype of the Kilogram</a> (IPK) in 1879 and its adoption in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></li>

<li>2019: The kilogram was <a href="2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">defined</a> in terms of the <a href="Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>, the <a href="Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> and <a href="Caesium_standard" title="Caesium standard">hyperfine transition frequency of 133Cs</a> as approved by the <a href="General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (CGPM) on 16 November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-vox-7">[6]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_terminology">Name and terminology</h2></div>

The kilogram is the only <a href="SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">base SI unit</a> with an <a href="SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefix</a> (kilo) as part of its name. The word kilogramme or kilogram is derived from the <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a> kilogramme,<a href="#cite_note-OED-16">[15]</a> which itself was a learned coinage, prefixing the <a href="Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> stem of χίλιοι khilioi "a thousand" to gramma, a Late Latin term for "a small weight", itself from Greek γράμμα.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a>

The word kilogramme was written into French law in 1795, in the Decree of <a href="French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">18 Germinal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a>

which revised the provisional system of units introduced by the French <a href="National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> two years earlier, where the gravet had been defined as weight (poids) of a cubic centimetre of water, equal to 1/1000 of a <a href="Grave_(unit)" title="Grave (unit)">grave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In the decree of 1795, the term gramme thus replaced gravet, and kilogramme replaced grave.<a href="#cite_note-Zupko-14">[13]</a>

The French spelling was adopted in Great Britain when the word was used for the first time in English in 1795,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-16">[15]</a> with the spelling kilogram being adopted in the United States. In the United Kingdom both spellings are used, with "kilogram" having become by far the more common.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[1]</a> UK law regulating the units to be used when <a href="Weights_and_Measures_Acts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom">trading by weight or measure</a> does not prevent the use of either spelling.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a>

In the 19th century the French word kilo, a <a href="Clipping_(morphology)" title="Clipping (morphology)">shortening</a> of kilogramme, was imported into the English language where it has been used to mean both kilogram<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> and kilometre.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> While kilo as an alternative is acceptable, to <a href="The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> for example,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> the Canadian government's <a href="Termium_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Termium Plus">Termium Plus</a> system states that "SI (International System of Units) usage, followed in scientific and technical writing" does not allow its usage and it is described as "a common informal name" on Russ Rowlett's Dictionary of Units of Measurement.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> When the <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> gave the metric system legal status in 1866, it permitted the use of the word kilo as an alternative to the word kilogram,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> but in 1990 revoked the status of the word kilo.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>

The SI system was introduced in 1960 and in 1970 the <a href="International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">BIPM</a> started publishing the <a href="International_System_of_Units#SI_Brochure" title="International System of Units">SI Brochure</a>, which contains all relevant decisions and recommendations by the <a href="General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">CGPM</a> concerning units. The SI Brochure states that "It is not permissible to use abbreviations for unit symbols or unit names ...".<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[Note 2]</a>

For use with east Asian character sets, the SI symbol is encoded as a single Unicode character, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style>U+338F ㎏ SQUARE KG in the <a href="CJK_Compatibility" title="CJK Compatibility">CJK Compatibility</a> block.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Redefinition_based_on_fundamental_constants">Redefinition based on fundamental constants</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></div>

The replacement of the <a href="International_Prototype_of_the_Kilogram" title="International Prototype of the Kilogram">International Prototype of the Kilogram</a> (IPK) as the primary standard was motivated by evidence accumulated over a long period of time that the mass of the IPK and its replicas had been changing; the IPK had diverged from its replicas by approximately 50 micrograms since their manufacture late in the 19th century. This led to <a href="Alternative_approaches_to_redefining_the_kilogram" title="Alternative approaches to redefining the kilogram">several competing efforts</a> to develop measurement technology precise enough to warrant replacing the kilogram artefact with a definition based directly on physical fundamental constants.<a href="#cite_note-vox-7">[6]</a>

The <a href="International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee for Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a> (CIPM) approved a <a href="2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">revision</a> in November 2018 that defines the kilogram by defining the <a href="Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a> to be exactly 6.62607015×10−34 kg⋅m2⋅s−1, effectively defining the kilogram in terms of the second and the metre. The new definition took effect on 20 May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-vox-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-draft-resolution-A-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a>

Prior to the redefinition, the kilogram and several other SI units based on the kilogram were defined by a man-made metal artifact: the <a href="Kilogramme_des_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilogramme des Archives">Kilogramme des Archives</a> from 1799 to 1889, and the IPK from 1889 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-vox-7">[6]</a>

In 1960, the <a href="Metre" title="Metre">metre</a>, previously similarly having been defined with reference to a single platinum-iridium bar with two marks on it, was redefined in terms of an invariant physical constant (the wavelength of a particular emission of light emitted by <a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> and later the <a href="Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>) so that the standard can be independently reproduced in different laboratories by following a written specification.

At the 94th Meeting of the CIPM in 2005, it was recommended that the same be done with the kilogram.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a>

In October 2010, the CIPM voted to submit a resolution for consideration at the <a href="General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (CGPM), to "take note of an intention" that the kilogram be defined in terms of the <a href="Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>, h (which has dimensions of energy times time, thus mass × length2 / time) together with other physical constants.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-draft-35">[33]</a> This resolution was accepted by the 24th conference of the CGPM<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> in October 2011 and further discussed at the 25th conference in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Although the Committee recognised that significant progress had been made, they concluded that the data did not yet appear sufficiently robust to adopt the revised definition, and that work should continue to enable the adoption at the 26th meeting, scheduled for 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[35]</a> Such a definition would theoretically permit any apparatus that was capable of delineating the kilogram in terms of the Planck constant to be used as long as it possessed sufficient precision, accuracy and stability. The <a href="Kibble_balance" title="Kibble balance">Kibble balance</a> is one way to do this.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a>

As part of this project, a variety of very <a href="Alternative_approaches_to_redefining_the_kilogram" title="Alternative approaches to redefining the kilogram">different technologies and approaches</a> were considered and explored over many years. Some of these approaches were based on equipment and procedures that would enable the reproducible production of new, kilogram-mass prototypes on demand (albeit with extraordinary effort) using measurement techniques and material properties that are ultimately based on, or traceable to, physical constants. Others were based on devices that measured either the acceleration or weight of hand-tuned kilogram test masses and that expressed their magnitudes in electrical terms via special components that permit traceability to physical constants. All approaches depend on converting a weight measurement to a mass and therefore require precise measurement of the strength of gravity in laboratories (<a href="Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">gravimetry</a>). All approaches would have precisely fixed one or more constants of nature at a defined value.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SI_multiples">SI multiples</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)" title="Orders of magnitude (mass)">Orders of magnitude (mass)</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Milligram" redirects here. For the American band, see <a href="Milligram_(band)" title="Milligram (band)">Milligram (band)</a>. For the Serbian band, see <a href="Miligram_(band)" title="Miligram (band)">Miligram (band)</a>. For the horse, see <a href="Milligram_(horse)" title="Milligram (horse)">Milligram (horse)</a>.</div>

Because an SI unit may not have multiple prefixes (see <a href="SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefix</a>), prefixes are added to <a href="Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>, rather than the base unit kilogram, which already has a prefix as part of its name.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> For instance, one-millionth of a kilogram is 1 mg (one milligram), not 1 μkg (one microkilogram).

<caption>SI multiples of gram (g)

</caption>

<th scope="col" colspan="3">Submultiples

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="3">Multiples

</th></tr>

<th scope="col">Value

</th>

<th scope="col">SI symbol

</th>

<th scope="col">Name

</th>

<th scope="col">Value

</th>

<th scope="col">SI symbol

</th>

<th scope="col">Name

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−1 g

</td>

<td>dg

</td>

<td>decigram

</td>

<td>101 g

</td>

<td>dag

</td>

<td>decagram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−2 g

</td>

<td>cg

</td>

<td>centigram

</td>

<td>102 g

</td>

<td>hg

</td>

<td>hectogram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−3 g

</td>

<td>mg

</td>

<td>milligram

</td>

<td>103 g

</td>

<td>kg

</td>

<td>kilogram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−6 g

</td>

<td>μg

</td>

<td>microgram

</td>

<td>106 g

</td>

<td>Mg

</td>

<td>megagram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−9 g

</td>

<td>ng

</td>

<td>nanogram

</td>

<td>109 g

</td>

<td>Gg

</td>

<td>gigagram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−12 g

</td>

<td>pg

</td>

<td>picogram

</td>

<td>1012 g

</td>

<td>Tg

</td>

<td>teragram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−15 g

</td>

<td>fg

</td>

<td>femtogram

</td>

<td>1015 g

</td>

<td>Pg

</td>

<td>petagram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−18 g

</td>

<td>ag

</td>

<td>attogram

</td>

<td>1018 g

</td>

<td>Eg

</td>

<td>exagram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−21 g

</td>

<td>zg

</td>

<td>zeptogram

</td>

<td>1021 g

</td>

<td>Zg

</td>

<td>zettagram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−24 g

</td>

<td>yg

</td>

<td>yoctogram

</td>

<td>1024 g

</td>

<td>Yg

</td>

<td>yottagram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−27 g

</td>

<td>rg

</td>

<td>rontogram

</td>

<td>1027 g

</td>

<td>Rg

</td>

<td>ronnagram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10−30 g

</td>

<td>qg

</td>

<td>quectogram

</td>

<td>1030 g

</td>

<td>Qg

</td>

<td>quettagram

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="6">Common prefixed units are in bold face.<a href="#cite_note-41">[Note 3]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_and_practical_issues_with_SI_mass_units">Usage and practical issues with SI mass units</h2></div>

<ul><li>Serious medication errors have been made by confusing milligrams and micrograms when micrograms has been abbreviated.<a href="#cite_note-SPCG-42">[39]</a> The abbreviation "mcg" rather than the SI symbol "μg" is formally mandated for medical practitioners in the US by the <a href="Joint_Commission_on_Accreditation_of_Healthcare_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations">Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations</a> (JCAHO).<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> In the United Kingdom, the <a href="National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</a> and Scottish Palliative Care Guidelines state that "micrograms" and "nanograms" must both be written in full, and never abbreviated as "mcg", "μg" or "ng" respectively.<a href="#cite_note-SPCG-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a></li>

<li>The hectogram (100 g) (Italian: ettogrammo or etto) is a very commonly used unit in the retail food trade in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></li>

<li>The former standard spelling and abbreviation "deka-" and "dk" produced abbreviations such as "dkm" (dekametre) and "dkg" (dekagram).<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> As of 2020, the abbreviation "dkg" (10 g) is still used in parts of central Europe in retail for some foods such as cheese and meat.<a href="#cite_note-Czeck_dkg_ham-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slovak_dkg_ham-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Czech_dkg_cheese-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hungarian_menu-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hungarian_dkg_cheese-53">[50]</a></li>

<li>The unit name megagram is rarely used, and even then typically only in technical fields in contexts where especially rigorous consistency with the SI standard is desired. For most purposes, the name <a href="Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> is instead used. The tonne and its symbol, "t", were adopted by the CIPM in 1879. It is a non-SI unit accepted by the BIPM for use with the SI. According to the BIPM, "This unit is sometimes referred to as 'metric ton' in some English-speaking countries."<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a> – Fundamental principle of classical physics</li>

<li><a href="Kibble_balance" title="Kibble balance">Kibble balance</a> – Electromechanical weight measuring instrument</li>

<li><a href="Kilogram-force" title="Kilogram-force">Kilogram-force</a> – Weight on earth of a one-kilogram mass</li>

<li><a href="Mass_versus_weight" title="Mass versus weight">Mass versus weight</a> – Distinction between mass and weight</li>

<li><a href="Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a> – Decimal-based systems of measurement</li>

<li><a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> – Measurement standards laboratory in the United States (NIST)</li>

<li><a href="Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">Newton</a> – Unit of force in physics</li>

<li><a href="Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">Standard gravity</a> – Standard gravitational acceleration on Earth</li>

<li><a href="Weight" title="Weight">Weight</a> – Force on a mass due to gravity</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The avoirdupois pound is part of both <a href="United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary system of units</a> and the <a href="Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial system of units</a>. It is <a href="International_yard_and_pound" title="International yard and pound">defined as exactly</a> 0.45359237 kilograms.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The French text (which is the authoritative text) states "Il n'est pas autorisé d'utiliser des abréviations pour les symboles et noms d'unités ..."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Criterion: A combined total of at least five occurrences on the <a href="British_National_Corpus" title="British National Corpus">British National Corpus</a> and the <a href="Corpus_of_Contemporary_American_English" title="Corpus of Contemporary American English">Corpus of Contemporary American English</a>, including both the singular and the plural for both the -gram and the -gramme spelling.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131014115/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kilogram">"Kilogram"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kilogram">the original</a> on January 31, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kilogram">"Kilogram"</a>. Collins Online Dictionary. Retrieved 14 October 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kilo">Merriam-Mebster definition of Kilo</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SIBrochure9thEd-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIBrochure9thEd_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIBrochure9thEd_5-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2019" class="citation cs2"><a href="New_SI" class="mw-redirect" title="New SI">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (20 May 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9.pdf">The International System of Units (SI)</a> (PDF) (9th ed.), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-822-2272-0</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018184555/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9.pdf/fcf090b2-04e6-88cc-1149-c3e029ad8232">archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41489673/SI-App2-kilogram.pdf/5881b6b5-668d-5d2b-f12a-0ef8ca437176?version=1.9&t=1637237674882&download=false">"Mise en pratique for the definition of the kilogram in the SI"</a>. BIPM.org. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-vox-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vox_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_7-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFResnick2019" class="citation news cs1">Resnick, Brian (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/5/17/18627757/kilogram-redefined-world-metrology-day-explained">"The new kilogram just debuted. It's a massive achievement"</a>. vox.com. Retrieved 23 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/CGPM/Draft-Resolution-A-EN.pdf">Draft Resolution A "On the revision of the International System of units (SI)" to be submitted to the CGPM at its 26th meeting (2018)</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402142630/https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/CGPM/Draft-Resolution-A-EN.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2021</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cipm/meeting/105.html">Decision CIPM/105-13 (October 2016)</a>. The day is the 144th anniversary of the <a href="Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Metre Convention</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/">SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI)</a>. BIPM, 9th edition, 2019.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The density of water is 0.999972 g/cm3 at 3.984 °C. See <cite id="CITEREFFranks2012" class="citation book cs1">Franks, Felix (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5f_xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376">The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water</a>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4684-8334-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGuytonLavoisierMongeBerthollet1792" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">Guyton</a>; <a href="Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>; <a href="Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Monge</a>; <a href="Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Berthollet</a>; et al. (1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FufDNJHvgFEC&q=18841+grains+grave&pg=RA1-PA278">Annales de chimie ou Recueil de mémoires concernant la chimie et les arts qui en dépendent</a>. Vol. 15–16. Paris: Chez Joseph de Boffe. p. 277.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Gramme, le poids absolu d'un volume d'eau pure égal au cube de la centième partie du mètre, et à la température de la glace fondante

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Zupko-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zupko_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zupko_14-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFZupko1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ronald_Edward_Zupko" title="Ronald Edward Zupko">Zupko, Ronald Edward</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYCNFkRgXCoC">Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science</a>. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87169-186-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/378767/Treaty-of-the-Metre">"Treaty of the Metre"</a>. <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite>

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130130180039/http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry:showfullentry/true?t:ac=Entry/103396">"Kilogram"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry:showfullentry/true?t:ac=Entry/103396">the original</a> on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFFowlersFowler1964" class="citation book cs1">Fowlers, HW; Fowler, FG (1964). The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.</cite> Greek γράμμα (as it were <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CF%89" class="extiw external" title="wikt:γράφω">γράφ</a>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BC%CE%B1" class="extiw external" title="wikt:-μα">μα</a>, Doric γράθμα) means "something written, a letter", but it came to be used as a unit of weight, apparently equal to ⁠1/24⁠ of an <a href="Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a> (⁠1/288⁠ of a <a href="Pound_(mass)#Roman_libra" title="Pound (mass)">libra</a>, which would correspond to about 1.14 grams in modern units), at some time during Late Antiquity. French gramme was adopted from Latin gramma, itself quite obscure, but found in the Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris (8.25) attributed by <a href="Remmius_Palaemon" title="Remmius Palaemon">Remmius Palaemon</a> (fl. 1st century), where it is the weight of two <a href="Obolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Obolus">oboli</a> (Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dgramma2">s.v. "gramma"</a>, 1879).

Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. <a href="A_Greek-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="A Greek-English Lexicon">A Greek-English Lexicon</a> (revised and augmented edition, Oxford, 1940) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=gra/mma">s.v. γράμμα</a>, citing the 10th-century work <a href="Geoponica" title="Geoponica">Geoponica</a> and a 4th-century papyrus edited in L. Mitteis, Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig, vol. i (1906), 62 ii 27.

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/1793mesures.htm">"Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures du 18 germinal an 3 (7 avril 1795)"</a> [Decree of 18 Germinal, year III (April 7, 1795) regarding weights and measures]. Grandes lois de la République (in French). Digithèque de matériaux juridiques et politiques, Université de Perpignan. Retrieved 3 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Convention nationale, décret du 1er août 1793, ed. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, publiée sur les éditions officielles du Louvre, vol. 6 (2nd ed. 1834), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA70">p. 70</a>.

The metre (mètre) on which this definition depends was itself defined as the ten-millionth part of a quarter of Earth's <a href="Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a>, given in <a href="Units_of_measurement_in_France_before_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution">traditional units</a> as 3 <a href="Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">pieds</a>, 11.44 lignes (a ligne being the 12th part of a pouce (inch), or the 144th part of a pied.

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFPeltier,_Jean-Gabriel1795" class="citation journal cs1">Peltier, Jean-Gabriel (1795). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24QCAAAAYAAJ&q=kilogramme+weights&pg=PA557">"Paris, during the year 1795"</a>. Monthly Review. 17: 556. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite> Contemporaneous English translation of the French decree of 1795

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/section/92">"Spelling of "gram", etc"</a>. <a href="Weights_and_Measures_Acts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom">Weights and Measures Act 1985</a>. <a href="Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. 30 October 1985. Retrieved 6 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/103394">"kilo (n1)"</a>. <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989. Retrieved 8 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/103395">"kilo (n2)"</a>. <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989. Retrieved 8 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701053545/http://www.frzee.com/Education/The%20Economist%20Style%20Guide.pdf">"Style Guide"</a> (PDF). <a href="The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 7 January 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frzee.com/Education/The%20Economist%20Style%20Guide.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_k&page=96vUJlKx4UCA.html">"kilogram, kg, kilo"</a>. Termium Plus. Government of Canada. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116205434/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.html">"kilo"</a>. How Many?. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.html">the original</a> on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.</cite>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kilogram" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Kilogram">Kilogram</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<table class="infobox" style="width: 40%; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> NIST: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patapsco.nist.gov/imagegallery/retrieve.cfm?imageid=49&dpi=72&fileformat=jpg">K20, the US National Prototype Kilogram</a> resting on an egg crate fluorescent light panel</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> BIPM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215612/http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/mass/pictures_mass/cleaning.html">Steam cleaning a 1 kg prototype before a mass comparison</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> BIPM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221138/http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/mass/pictures_mass/vault.html">The IPK and its six sister copies in their vault</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> The Age: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2007/06/14/rgN1506_csiro_wideweb__470x343,0.jpg">Silicon sphere for the Avogadro Project</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> NPL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/content/conMediaFile/1083">The NPL's Watt Balance project</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> NIST: This particular <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.nist.gov/object.asp?ObjID=51">Rueprecht Balance</a>, an Austrian-made precision balance, was used by the NIST from 1945 until 1960</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> BIPM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215949/http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/mass/research_mass/flexure-strip.html">The FB‑2 flexure-strip balance</a>, the BIPM's modern precision balance featuring a standard deviation of one ten-billionth of a kilogram (0.1 μg)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> BIPM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220910/http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/mass/pictures_mass/mettler.html">Mettler HK1000 balance</a>, featuring 1 μg resolution and a 4 kg maximum mass. Also used by NIST and Sandia National Laboratories' Primary Standards Laboratory</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> Micro-g LaCoste: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microglacoste.com/images/FG5.small.jpg">FG‑5 absolute gravimeter</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microglacoste.com/images/fg5schem.jpg">diagram</a>), used in national laboratories to measure gravity to 2 <a href="Gal_(acceleration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gal (acceleration)">μGal</a> accuracy</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/electrokilogram.cfm">NIST Improves Accuracy of 'Watt Balance' Method for Defining the Kilogram</a></li>

<li>The UK's National Physical Laboratory (NPL): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323212037/http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/are-any-problems-caused-by-having-the-kilogram-defined-in-terms-of-a-physical-artefact-(faq-mass-and-density)">Are any problems caused by having the kilogram defined in terms of a physical artefact? (FAQ – Mass & Density)</a></li>

<li>NPL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/mass-and-force/research/npl-kibble-balance">NPL Kibble balance</a></li>

<li>Metrology in France: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.french-metrology.com/en/feature/watt-balance.asp">Watt balance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319084923/http://www.french-metrology.com/en/feature/watt-balance.asp">Archived</a> March 19, 2014, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li>Australian National Measurement Institute: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measurement.gov.au/SCIENCETECHNOLOGY/Pages/MassandRelatedQuantities.aspx">Redefining the kilogram through the Avogadro constant</a></li>

<li>International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/home/">Home page</a></li>

<li>NZZ Folio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzzfolio.ch/www/d80bd71b-b264-4db4-afd0-277884b93470/showarticle/fb0ba22e-46b7-43a5-8320-ef16483b7e91.aspx">What a kilogram really weighs</a></li>

<li>NPL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/what-are-the-differences-between-mass,-weight,-force-and-load-(faq-mass-and-density)">What are the differences between mass, weight, force and load?</a></li>

<li>BBC: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7084099.stm">Getting the measure of a kilogram</a></li>

<li>NPR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112003322">This Kilogram Has A Weight-Loss Problem</a>, an interview with <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> physicist Richard Steiner</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717124427/http://www.inrim.it/Nah/Web_Nah/home.htm">Avogadro and molar Planck constants for the redefinition of the kilogram</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160513163237/http://www.inrim.it/know/">Realization of the awaited definition of the kilogram</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSample2018" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (9 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/nov/09/in-the-balance-scientists-vote-on-first-change-to-kilogram-in-century">"In the balance: scientists vote on first change to kilogram in a century"</a>. <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 9 November 2018.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/thebipm">The BIPM</a> – <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> channel</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhgb23tAFFs">"The role of the Planck constant in physics" – presentation at 26th CGPM meeting at Versailles, France, November 2018 when voting on superseding the IPK took place</a> on <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="SI_units303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">Base units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></li>

<li><a href="Candela" title="Candela">candela</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Metre" title="Metre">metre</a></li>

<li><a href="Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a></li>

<li><a href="Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Celsius" title="Celsius">degree Celsius</a></li>

<li><a href="Farad" title="Farad">farad</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a></li>

<li><a href="Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a></li>

<li><a href="Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></li>

<li><a href="Katal" title="Katal">katal</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a></li>

<li><a href="Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Radian" title="Radian">radian</a></li>

<li><a href="Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a></li>

<li><a href="Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a></li>

<li><a href="Steradian" title="Steradian">steradian</a></li>

<li><a href="Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a></li>

<li><a href="Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Other accepted units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a></li>

<li><a href="Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a></li>

<li><a href="Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree of arc</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a></li>

<li><a href="Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></li>

<li><a href="Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></li>

<li><a href="Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute and second of arc</a></li>

<li><a href="Neper" title="Neper">neper</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li>

<li><a href="Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_definitions_of_the_SI_base_units" title="Historical definitions of the SI base units">Historical definitions of the SI base units</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></li>

<li><a href="System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">System of units of measurement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11570#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata720" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11570#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata720" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4163779-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007003156">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007556931505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/bd45ec3e-be8b-4337-857c-5781e598a676">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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